¿Quién conserva el bosque? Una comparación del uso del suelo entre diferentes actores en el Chaco salteño
Palabras clave:
comunidades indígenas, grandes transacciones de tierras, índice de conservación del bosque, pequeños productoresResumen
El avance de la frontera agropecuaria en el Chaco salteño ha generado pérdida de biodiversidad, degradación del suelo, concentración de la tierra y conflictos socioambientales, alterando las relaciones sociales y provocando competencias por el uso y control del territorio. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar el grado de conservación del bosque y los patrones de uso del suelo entre grandes transacciones de tierras (GTT), comunidades indígenas y pequeños productores criollos. Para ello, se desarrolló un Índice de Conservación del Bosque que integra la pérdida de bosque nativo, la cobertura del suelo y la variación del índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI), permitiendo evaluar y comparar la conservación entre actores. Los resultados indican que las GTT presentan una mayor deforestación, un NDVI estable y el valor más bajo del índice de conservación; los criollos registran un aumento del NDVI y un mayor valor del índice; y las comunidades indígenas muestran un incremento intermedio del NDVI y también del valor del índice de conservación. El índice propuesto presenta limitaciones, como la falta de diferenciación entre vegetación natural y productiva del NDVI, la ausencia de indicadores socioeconómicos y considera a los grupos de actores de manera homogénea. Estos resultados permiten orientar la planificación territorial, la formulación de políticas diferenciadas según tipo de actor, la visibilización de prácticas de uso del suelo favorables a la conservación y la gestión sostenible del bosque nativo en el Chaco salteño.
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